(Note: Edwards died on 22 March, and is commemorated on that date on the
Lutheran calendar. He is here transferred to 24 March in order to make
room for deKoven and Gregory.)
(Note: Because 24 March falls during Holy Week, I am posting this early.)
Jonathan Edwards was the last and greatest of the great New England Puritan preachers. Some historians account him the greatest intellect of the Western Hemisphere before 1900. (The achievements of his descendants are such that the Edwards family used to be cited in psychology textbooks -- and in Ripley's Believe It Or Not column - -- as proof that genius is an inherited trait.) I once heard the distinguished Austrian philosopher Herbert Feigl (not a Christian, by the way) lecture on the will and the intellect. Afterwards I said to him, "You were practically quoting from Jonathan Edwards, weren't you?" He said, "Of course. Edwards is the clearest writer available on the subject. If you want to think clearly about the human will, you begin by reading Edwards."
Edwards was born in Connecticut in 1703 and educated at home and at Yale University. As a youth, he had an keen interest in natural science, and wrote treatises On Insects and On the Rainbow (the latter in terms of the discoveries of Newton). When he was fourteen, he discovered the just-published writings of John Locke, doing so, as he said, "with greater pleasure than the greediest miser uncovering a rich hoard of gold and silver coins." He adopted Locke's psychology and epistemology as his own, and used them as the basis for an intellectual defense of Calvinism.
As a young man, Edwards was reading and contemplating on the words of Paul to Timothy (I Tim 6:14-16)
+ I charge you to keep the comandment unstained and free from + reproach until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ; and this + will be made manifest at the proper time by the blessed and + only Sovereign, the King of Kings and Lord of lords, who alone + has immortality and dwells in unapproachable light, whom no man + has ever seen or can see. To him be honor and eternal dominion. + Amen.
As he read, he felt an overwhelming sense of the majesty and grandeur of God, and what a privilege it is to serve so great a being, and what an honor God has bestowed upon us by calling us to his service. The experience of that day changed his life permanently. However, he hesitated to call it a conversion experience, since he was told by his spiritual directors that the fear of hell was an essential part of any conversion, and he could not find in his experience any trace of fear, but only wonder, awe, peace, joy, and gratitude. (Eventually, I suppose, he managed to frighten himself enough to put his mind at ease on the point.) I note this with interest, since Edwards much later delivered a sermon called "Sinners in the hands of an angry God" that has attracted some interest among non-Christians. Anthologies of American Literature intended for survey courses in high school or college often include a short extract from Edwards, and that extract is practically always from this one sermon. Generations of students have learned nothing about Edwards except that he was a Puritan preacher who preached about Hell -- presumably every Sunday. In fact, mentions of Hell are rare in Edwards' writing. He has far more to say about the love of God than about his wrath.
If you were exposed to Edwards' "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" in your English class, and would like to see what Edwards is really like when the quotations from him are not all chosen by his opponents, try reading his sermon "On the Excellencies of Christ." To obtain a copy, send the message Get Lion Lamb to the address LISTSERV@ASU.EDU
And back will come a 1454-line file containing the sermon. Alternatively consult the Web at http://www.aber.ac.uk/~spk/christia.html
Why do school textbooks always print extracts from Edwards on hell-fire and never Edwards on the love of God in Christ? My own suspicion is that they know that most non-Christian teen-agers will simply laugh off a hell-fire sermon, but that a significant number of them might be moved by Edwards' more usual approach as in this sermon. If students from non-Christian families started coming home and saying, "We read a sermon in English class today that really got to me, and I want to become a Christian," their parents would be talking to the school board and perhaps to a judge in nothing flat.
Religious experience is central to the life and thought of Jonathan Edwards. One of his major works is a treatise defending Predestination on logical and intellectual grounds. (This was the book that Feigl considered the definitive analysis of the concept of Free Will.) But it was not through logic that he was himself convinced of the doctrine. As a youth, he had vigorously rejected it as a horrible and immoral teaching, one inconsistent with the love of God. But when he had what he regarded as a direct experience and revelation of the grandeur and absolute sovereignty of God, all his former objections seemed irrelevant.
After college, Edwards became assistant pastor and then pastor of Northampton Church, the most important church in Massachusetts outside Boston. There he preached a series of sermons on justification by faith that gave rise to an area-wide religious revival. A few years later, George Whitefield, an English Methodist evangelist, colleage of John Wesley, visited the area and his preaching occasioned a more widespread revival. Edwards wrote A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God and A Treatise On The Religious Affections, works in which he analyzed and defended various kinds of conversion experience.
Eventually Edwards had problems with his congregation. He thought that only persons who had undergone conversion ought to be admitted to the Lord's Supper, and his congregation thought otherwise. He accordingly resigned in 1750 and went to western Massachusetts to be a missionary to the Indians. He remained there for seven years, writing two of his major works, and struggling with language difficulties, ill health, and inter-tribal Indian wars. In 1757 he became president of Princeton University (then called the College of New Jersey) and a year later died from complications arising from a smallpox innoculation.
He was a pastor and teacher, preacher and missionary, scholar and philosopher, logician and visionary, and throughout it all, a faithful servant of Christ.
With Jonathan Edwards we commemorate David Brainerd, who was betrothed to Edwards' daughter. Brainerd was born in 1718, orphaned by the age of fourteen, and converted during his first year at Yale. His enthusiasm caused him to speak disparagingly of his unconverted tutor, and he was expelled. He became a missionary to the Indians, fell ill but determined to stick to his post, and finally came back home to Edwards' house to die at the age of 29. He had kept a journal which Edwards published two years after Brainerd's death, a journal which records his experiences as a missionary, and his spiritual reflections on his calling. Edwards thought that it might be an inspiration and help to other missionaries, and he was right. The book went into thirty editions. Many readers were encouraged by it to dedicate their lives to the preaching of the Gospel. Among them were William Carey, Thomas Coke, Robert Morrison, Samuel Marsden, Henry Martyn, Samuel Mills, and Thomas Chalmers. The journal is included in Edwards' Complete Works.
O God, who by thy Holy Spirit dost give to some the word of Wisdom, to others the word of knowledge, and to others the word of faith: We praise thy name for the gifts of grace manifested in thy servant Jonathan Edwards, and we pray that thy Church may never be destitute of such gifts; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who with thee and the same Spirit liveth and reigneth, one God, for ever and ever.
O God, who by your Holy Spirit give to some the word of wisdom, To others the word of knowledge, and to others the word of faith: We praise your name for the gifts of grace manifested in your servant Jonathan Edwards, and we pray that your Church may never be destitute of such gifts; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who with you and the Holy Spirit lives and reigns, one God, for ever and ever.